The first computer networks were created by connecting serial ports between two computers.
This primitive design used modem software to handle file transfer between systems. Networks evolved with the invention of token passing and broadcast transmissions. The invention of the hub, or shared media access unit, created the opportunity to connect multiple [...]

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In the early 1980s, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) was busy creating
a new data communications model. Its intention was to build the next generation of communications protocols to replace both proprietary protocols and the de facto TCP/IP protocol. In the end, the cheaper TCP/IP protocol won the battle.
Many customers had [...]

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Identifying Various Operating Systems
Every computer uses some sort of operating system to control the hardware. Each make and
model of computer is slightly different. For example, the processor type might be different, or
the computer might use a specialized disk drive subsystem.
Computer programs of the 1950s and 60s were not as portable as they are today. The [...]

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Understanding the Differences in Computer Architecture
All computers are not created equal. The differences in architecture have a substantial
impact on performance and system security. However, every computer has three basic
types of components.
The first component group centers around the central processing unit, also known as the CPU. The CPU [...]

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Review Questions
1. Which of the following would be included in an IS strategic plan?
A. Brochures for future hardware purchases
B. At least a six-month list of goals from the IT manager
C. Target dates for development projects
D. Plans and directives from senior non-IT managers
2. What is the primary purpose of the IT steering committee?
A. Make technical recommendations.
B. [...]

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Summary
In this chapter, we have reviewed the authority levels in the organization and controls used for IT governance. A short definition of IT governance is to effectively lead and monitor performance
of the information technology investment. IT governance exists at three levels: strategic, tactical, and operational management.
Top executives are responsible for [...]

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Tactical Management
Tactical management should be performed during weekly and monthly performance reporting with senior-level executives. Tactical performance is frequently included during a regular audit.
As an IS auditor, you will be interested in learning the scope and extent of project management
methodologies in use. Your interest will include gaining an understanding of the [...]

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